MANGROVES of Maliwaliw Island in Guiuan town, Eastern Samar, lost their leaves as a result of Supertyphoon “Yolanda.” PHOTOS BY BELINDA DELA PAZ/CONTRIBUTOR
MANGROVES of Maliwaliw Island in Guiuan town, Eastern Samar
In the wake of Supertyphoon “Yolanda” (international name: Haiyan), the government allocated P347 million, since then increased to P1 billion, to rehabilitate mangroves in devastated areas.
The loss of thousands of lives and livelihoods was well documented by the media. However, were the degree and extent of destruction in mangrove ecosystems documented as well to merit such a huge amount?
To assess mangrove damage, two teams were simultaneously deployed in Eastern Samar (seven sites in six municipalities) and Leyte (five municipalities and two cities) over a total of seven days in January and March. (See map.)
The teams comprised 17 participants from nongovernment organizations (ZSL, GDFI, ELTI, Haribon Foundation, Conservation International and Tambuyog) and academic (UP Diliman, UP Tacloban, Ateneo de Manila University and De La Salle University) communities and and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Region 6, with assistance from UP Tacloban students.
The locations surveyed were Quinapondan, Guiuan (Bagongbanwa Island and Maliwaliw Island), Salcedo, General MacArthur, Hernani and Lawaan in Eastern Samar, and Ormoc City, Palompon, Isabel, Merida, Carigara, Palo and Tacloban City in Leyte.
We assessed mangrove damage and recovery potential using two methods:
YOUNG shoots sprout from damaged “bakhaw” in Barangay Maslog, Lawaan, Eastern Samar.
a) Examining mangrove community structure (estimating the counts and biomass of live seedlings, saplings and trees on a 100-square-meter plot)
b) Noting the degree of defoliation and other damage classified as not damaged (intact), partially damaged (branches broken, trunk partially broken but still standing and with or without shoots), or totally damaged (uprooted, or trunk broken at the base, no shoots).
Observations
1. The dominant naturally occurring mangrove species in Eastern Samar are “pagatpat” (Sonneratia alba) facing the open sea, “bakhaw” (Rhizophora apiculata and R. stylosa) behind pagatpat or along the leeward margin of islands; and “saging-saging” (Aegiceras floridum), and in Leyte are pagatpat and “piapi” (Avicennia marina, A. officinalis).
Plantations in both provinces are of bakhaw and nipa (Nypa fruticans) varieties.
2. Most of the mangrove stands in the 14 locations showed only partial to minimal damage, based on the presence of new shoots on defoliated branches and on branchless trunks of trees, to none at all.
Recovery potential was also reflected by a few to numerous seedlings and saplings present. Completely defoliated/bare trees and branches already had shoots (leaves) appearing as of 2.5 months and 4.5 months when we did the surveys.
3. Fringing mangroves (lining the shore) showed a pattern of greater damage in a) seaward (vs landward) plots; b) western (vs eastern) side; and c) planted (vs natural) stands.
SURVEY team led by Jurgenne Primavera (in white top) inspecting mangroves in Hernani, Eastern Samar.
The most severely damaged sites were those that suffered a direct hit: Barangay Batang in Hernani and Maliwaliw Island in Guiuan, Eastern Samar, and those that were in the path of the strongest storm surge: Barangay 83a in Tacloban City.
Some plots in these sites showed 100-percent mangrove mortality.
4. Damage caused by factors other than Yolanda are:
* Encroachment of settlements of marginalized coastal dwellers who have no means to purchase land;
* Mangrove conversion to ponds which is illegal (under Republic Act No. 9171), e.g., in Ormoc City;
* Conversion to nipa plantations; and
* Reclamation (filled in with soil) in Carigara.
Conclusions, recommendations
1. Mangroves are bioshields that provide storm protection to coastal communities and habitats.
In the process, they may sustain damage but they also recover, as we observed in the mangroves of Eastern Samar and Leyte.
Only a few locations in landfall sites—Hernani and Maliwaliw Island in Guiuan and Barangay 83a in Tacloban City—suffered complete mangrove mortality.
They represent a total of only 100 to 200 hectares that need replanting.
2. The major intervention for the Eastern Samar-Leyte mangroves is therefore protection:
* Of damaged but recovering stands — by not cutting during cash for work and other mangrove cleaning programs (some enrichment planting needed in gaps)
* Of natural stands — by zoning in Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs) of local government units (LGUs) concerned to reverse encroachment
* Of pristine, old growth forests (e.g., Ormoc City, Palompon and Lawaan — development as ecoparks for ecotourism by LGUs and people’s organizations.
3. Protection is needed by enforcing the law and putting a stop to pond development (Ormoc) and reclamation (Carigara) in mangrove areas.
4. Mangrove planting is needed in very few sites (Hernani, Maliwaliw Island and Barangay 83a in Tacloban City) covering 100, not more than 200 hectares.
Such mangrove planting should be science-based in terms of correct species, sites (elevation mainly) and season for planting.
(These recommendations refer to existing mangroves that form natural greenbelts. Where they have disappeared, as in many parts of Tacloban, they should be reestablished.
5. Coastal greenbelts comprise both mangroves and beach forests. We recommend a minimum of 100 meters based on science (MacIvor et al., 2012) and law (M.N.R. Administrative Order No. 42 of 1986) instead of the 40 meters prescribed by the Water Code (Presidential Decree No. 1067).
6. Where the intertidal area is too steep or too exposed for mangrove growth and the supratidal (above the high tide) area occupied by settlements and resorts, reestablishment of greenbelts may require:
* Construction of temporary breakwaters to protect newly planted mangrove seedlings.
* Resettlement of coastal dwellings and beach resorts (to more inland areas).
PATH of Supertyphoon “Yolanda” and mangrove areas (in red) in Leyte and Eastern Samar
How to spend P1B
The government plans to release P1 billion mostly for new mangrove planting in the Yolanda-affected provinces. This is misguided and even risky (as participants in the program tend to clear the many recovering mangroves just so they can plant new ones and avail themselves of the money).
The following science-based activities are recommended for funding by such a big amount from us taxpayers:
* Put up resettlement areas for coastal dwellers with sturdy houses, services (roads, water and power) and amenities (markets, schools, clinics and churches).
*Plant beach-forest trees in the vacated areas and establish beach-forest nurseries to support the planting.
*Conduct ground assessments for mangrove areas not yet surveyed.
*Incorporate mangrove protection in CLUPs, including law enforcement and ecopark development.
*Conduct mangrove planting/rehabilitation in the sites already mentioned.
*Build capacity through mangrove training courses and the like for LGUs, state universities and colleges, people’s organizations and other stakeholders tasked with protecting and rehabilitating the mangrove areas.
We appeal to President Aquino to consider these recommendations based on ground observations conducted in the areas worst affected by Yolanda.
We support rehabilitation initiatives especially when they give importance to the restoration of ecological services. We believe that the P1-billion rehabilitation fund will go a long way but only if used wisely.
(Jurgenne H. Primavera, Ph.D., Pew Fellow and Zoological Society of London-Philippines; Margarita T. de la Cruz, UP Tacloban and GDFI; Rene N. Rollon, Ph.D., UP Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology; Maria Belinda E. de la Paz, Haribon Foundation; Hazel Consunji, Yale Environmental Leadership and Training Institute; Maricar S. Samson, Ph.D., De La Salle University; Severino G. Salmo III, Ph.D., Ateneo de Manila University; Betty May Villamayor, UP Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology; Amado Blanco, Zoological Society of London-Philippines; Christian L. Montilijao, Zoological Society of London-Philippines; and Kryzl Maranan, Conservation International are coauthors of this article.)