Asia’s scramble for Africa
A news scramble for Africa is unfolding. But it’s no longer Western powers vying for land and the continent’s wealth as it was until the outbreak of World War I. The power struggle now is among Asian nations, most notably China and Japan.
This time around, the West is content to stand on the sidelines as Asia’s biggest powers duke it out to secure resources in the world’s final economic frontier. And unlike in the centuries past, however, there is no coercion or bloodshed. Instead, the race is to woo Africa’s public opinion at large—not just the favors of the investor and leadership class.
Japan’s latest effort concluded recently with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s visit to Africa in early January 2014. It was the first such visit by a Japanese premier in eight years, in contrast to the multiple marathon trips made by Chinese presidents during the same period.
Of the countries Abe visited, Cote d’Ivoire is a center of commerce in its region, and Mozambique is rich in natural gas and other assets. The Japanese prime minister also made sure he met with the Ivorian soccer team and Mozambique’s women basketball league.
In Ethiopia, Abe not only delivered a speech at the African Union’s Addis Ababa headquarters; he also made a point to meet with Ethiopian athletes, including marathon legend Abebe Bikila’s son.
The official point of meeting African athletes was to promote Tokyo’s upcoming 2020 Summer Olympic games. But it also served to promote Japanese sporting business interests, not least by distributing free Asics sneakers.
On the financial front, the visit brought announcements that the Japanese government will double the total amount of low-interest loans to the continent—to $2 billion over a five-year period. Japan had promised $1 billion in 2012.
Meanwhile, last summer, Tokyo promised Africa a total of $32 billion in public and private funding. This amount included $14 billion in official development assistance as well as $6.5 billion to support infrastructure projects across the continent. Japan has also promised to train African experts on cutting-edge technology and engineering.
Clearly, securing resources in the longer-term is a priority for Japan, not least due to its struggles to meet its energy needs after the shutdown of all 50 of its nuclear reactors since the March 2011 earthquake at Fukushima.
Amid growing geopolitical uncertainties, Japan also faces the challenge of having to meet its other commodities needs. Indonesia’s recent decision to ban nickel and bauxite exports, for instance, has hit Japan’s stainless steel producers particularly hard.
The surge in resource nationalism is only expected to strengthen worldwide. That makes it all the more urgent for resource-poor nations like Japan to win over as many commodities-rich nations as possible.
In his approach to Africa, Abe seems to have hit all the right diplomatic notes since taking office just over a year ago. He managed to balance offers of financial aid, technology transfer and investments, on the one hand, with winning over public opinion, on the other.
These public relations efforts is in sharp contrast to his tone-deaf approach in dealing with neighboring China and South Korea. Japan’s ties with those countries only grew worse when the premier visited the controversial Yasukuni Shrine, which commemorates Japan’s Class-A war criminals as well as the victims of World War II, days before his trip to Africa.
While the Yasukuni visit was largely dismissed by the mainstream African press, senior Chinese government officials were quick to attack Abe’s outreach and Japan’s foreign policy ambitions at large.
China’s ambassador to the African Union, Xie Xiaoyan, publicly stated that Japan’s prime minister is becoming “the biggest troublemaker in Asia.” He added that Japan’s aid efforts to the continent were part of Tokyo’s “China containment policy.”
Yet China remains the single biggest player when it comes to providing aid for Africa. It has committed over $75 billion to the continent since 2000, and Japan simply cannot match that figure, dollar for dollar.
Still, Beijing clearly has lessons to learn from Abe’s public relations success. The Chinese have come under attack for not giving back to the local communities where they invest in and they do not offer enough jobs or train people in Africa, bringing many workers from China instead.
Meanwhile, international organizations have criticized Chinese state-owned companies for their labor practices in overseas mines. A Human Rights Watch report in 2011, for instance, assailed state-owned China Nonferrous Metal Mining Group for violating labor laws and regulations “routinely.”
For both Japan and China, the stakes in Africa are real, unlike the disputes over territories in the East China Sea. The latter are more about a clash of nationalist identities rather than a race for resources.
For now, though, Japan appears to have the upper hand in Africa, at least diplomatically. The real challenge for Beijing will be whether it can match Tokyo’s soft power approach to winning over African hearts and minds.
Shihoko Goto is the program associate for Northeast Asia at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC, and a frequent contributor to The Globalist, where this article originally appeared. Copyright The Globalist.
