‘Kapwa,’ ‘hiya,’ and the search for Filipino identity

What does it mean to be Filipino? Is there a distinct Filipino identity?

In the search for the Filipino identity, various cultural, historical, and social factors shape the collective sense of self of the Filipino people. One key aspect of Filipino identity is the legacy of colonialism, particularly Spanish and American colonization, which has had a lasting impact on the country’s culture, language, and values.

Another important aspect of Filipino identity is the diversity of ethnic groups and languages in the Philippines. The country is home to numerous ethnolinguistic groups, each with its unique customs, traditions, and ways of life. This diversity contributes to the rich tapestry of Filipino culture and adds complexity to the search for a unified national identity.

In addition to external influences, internal factors such as social class, education, and economic status also shape Filipino identity. For example, individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds may have different perspectives on what it means to be Filipino, based on their lived experiences and opportunities.

David Hume’s Theory of the Self provides a philosophical framework for understanding how individuals perceive and construct their identities. According to Hume, the self is not a fixed, unchanging entity, but rather a collection of experiences, memories, and perceptions that form a continuous narrative of personal identity. In this view, the self is a complex and dynamic entity that is shaped by external influences and internal reflections.

Applying Hume’s theory to the search for the Filipino identity, we can see that Filipino identity is not a static, monolithic concept, but rather a fluid and evolving construct that is influenced by a range of factors. Just as individuals construct their sense of self through a process of reflection and experience, so too does the Filipino collective identity evolve and adapt in response to historical events, cultural changes, and social dynamics.

However, one of the key elements that enhances the authenticity of the Filipino sense of self is the concept of “kapwa,” a fundamental value in Filipino culture that highlights the interconnectedness of all individuals. Stemming from the Tagalog term for self or other, kapwa is a deeply ingrained belief that underscores the significance of relationships, empathy, and communal harmony in shaping one’s identity. For many Filipinos, their sense of self is intricately linked to their connections with others, and the capacity to empathize and forge connections with others is viewed as a crucial aspect of authenticity.

Furthermore, another pivotal factor that contributes to the genuineness of the Filipino sense of self is the notion of “hiya,” a cultural value that accentuates shame, honor, and social dignity. Originating from the Malay word for shame or modesty, hiya plays a central role in molding Filipino conduct and social interactions, impacting various aspects ranging from ethical decisions to interpersonal relationships. For numerous Filipinos, the apprehension of losing face or tarnishing one’s reputation or that of their family serves as a potent motivator for behavior, profoundly shaping their sense of self.

Ultimately, the search for the Filipino identity is an ongoing process that requires open dialogue, critical reflection, and a willingness to embrace complexity and diversity. By drawing on philosophical frameworks such as Hume’s Theory of the Self, we can gain new insights into the nature of identity and how individuals and societies construct and negotiate their sense of self in a rapidly changing world. Through this exploration, we can deepen our understanding of what it means to be Filipino and celebrate the rich tapestry of cultures, histories, and experiences that make up the Filipino identity.

REGINALD B. TAMAYO,
Marikina City