Despite much hype, the much-vaunted green energy transition away from fossil fuels isn’t happening. Achieving a meaningful shift with current policies turns out to be unaffordably costly. We need to drastically change policy direction.
Globally, we are already spending almost $2 trillion annually to force an energy transition. Over the past decade, solar and wind energy use has increased to their highest-ever levels. But it hasn’t reduced fossil fuels—over the same time, we have added even more fossil fuels.
Countless studies show that when societies add more renewable energy, most of it never replaces coal, gas, or oil. It simply adds to energy consumption. Recent research shows that for every six units of new green energy, less than one unit displaces any fossil fuel. Analysis in the United States shows that renewable energy subsidies simply lead to more overall energy being used. In other words, policies meant to boost green energy are leading to more emissions.
Humans have an unquenchable thirst for affordable energy, which is required for every aspect of modern life. In the past half-century, the energy we get from oil and coal has again doubled, hydropower has tripled, and gas has quadrupled—and we have experienced an explosion in the use of nuclear, solar, and wind. The whole world—and the average person—has never had more energy available.
The grand plan underpinning today’s green energy transition mostly insists that pushing heavily subsidized renewables everywhere will magically make fossil fuels go away. But a recent study concluded that talk of a transition is “misleading.” During every previous addition of a new energy source, the researchers found, it has been “entirely unprecedented for these additions to cause a sustained decline in the use of established energy sources.”
What causes us to change our relative use of energy? One study investigated 14 shifts that have taken place over the past five centuries, like when farmers went from plowing fields with animals to fossil fuel-powered tractors. The main driver has always been that the new energy service is either better or cheaper.
Solar and wind fail on both counts. They are not better, because, unlike fossil fuels that can produce electricity whenever we need it, they can only produce energy according to the vagaries of daylight and weather.
This means they are not cheaper, either. At best, they are only cheaper when the sun is shining or the wind is blowing at just the right speed. The rest of the time, they are mostly useless and infinitely costly.
When we factor in the cost of just four hours of storage, wind and solar energy solutions become uncompetitive compared to fossil fuels. Achieving a real, sustainable transition to solar or wind would require orders of magnitude more storage, making these options incredibly unaffordable.
Moreover, solar and wind only address a small part of a vast challenge. They are almost entirely deployed in the electricity sector, which makes up just one-fifth of all global energy use. We still struggle to find green solutions for most transport, and we haven’t even begun with the vast energy needs of heating, manufacturing, or agriculture. We are all but ignoring the hardest and most crucial sectors like steel, cement, plastics, and fertilizer.
Little wonder then that, for all the talk of the world undergoing an energy transition, even the Biden administration finds that while renewable energy sources will dramatically increase globally up to 2050, oil, gas, and coal will all keep increasing, too.
On this trajectory, we will never achieve an energy transition away from fossil fuels. This would require vastly more subsidies for solar and wind, as well as for batteries and hydrogen, and for us all to accept less efficient technologies for important needs like steel and fertilizer. But on top of that, a true transition would also require politicians to impose massive taxes on fossil fuels to make them less desirable. McKinsey estimates the direct price tag to achieve a real transition at more than $5 trillion annually. This splurge would slow economic growth, making the real cost five times higher. Annual costs for people living in rich countries could be higher than $13,000 per person per year. Voters won’t agree to that pain.
The only realistic way to achieve a transition is to vastly improve green energy alternatives. This means more investment in green energy research and development. Innovation is needed in wind and solar, but also in storage, nuclear energy, and many other possible solutions. Bringing alternative energy costs below the price of fossil fuels is the only way that green solutions can be implemented globally, and not just by the elite in a few climate-concerned, wealthy countries.
When politicians tell you the green transition is here and we need to get on board, they are really just asking voters to support them, throwing more good money after bad. We need to be much smarter.
Bjorn Lomborg is president of the Copenhagen Consensus, visiting fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, and author of “False Alarm.”