The world is failing in its development promises. These are known as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), agreed by all governments in 2015 to be achieved by 2030. Progress across all these promises—including in areas as important as eradicating poverty and ending hunger—is happening at less than one-fourth of the pledged speed. On current trends, the world will reach its 2030 promises half a century late.
This week until Sept. 26, when world leaders meet in New York for the United Nations (UN) general debate, this failure looms large. We need to urgently change our approach to maximize development benefits for the world.
One reason for the slowness is that many SDG promises are impossibly ambitious. They pledge to achieve the complete elimination of hunger and infectious diseases, deliver jobs for all, and social protection systems for everyone. These aren’t development targets; they are worthy but far-fetched ideals.
The global promises also completely lack focus: The world has 169 very detailed and long targets, and all are given equal importance. The vital promise to eliminate child starvation is placed on par with the decidedly less crucial promise to provide people with information on how to have a lifestyle “in harmony with nature.”
Most nations have failed to set aside sufficient additional resources to achieve the promises. This is true of the world’s poorer nations which are understandably already struggling, but it’s also true of the big development organizations and rich country donors that have increased their spending only slightly. The total shortfall to achieve all the goals is likely a spectacular $10-15 trillion each year, about the same as the total global tax intake. It is a safe bet that governments are not going to double taxes to achieve these promises.
At their heart, these goals promise something important: improving conditions for the world’s worst-off. So we need to get smarter. Some SDG targets have more effective solutions than others: there are policies that will have a better chance of success, programs that are cheaper, and outcomes that are more valuable than others. We should start to focus on these solutions first.
I argued for prioritization back in 2015 when the goals were being hammered out by the UN, governments, and civil society, but I was countered by those who optimistically believed that the sweeping promises would encourage the world to deliver everything.
That didn’t happen, and we’re now at halftime for our promises but nowhere near halfway. To achieve global goals, we must find targets where few resources can turbocharge delivery. Over recent years, my think tank, the Copenhagen Consensus, has worked with Nobel laureates and leading economists to research the most effective policies among the 169 targets. We have now identified 12 powerful policies that would deliver enormous benefits across the SDG agenda at relatively low cost.
Consider one such policy: Expanding childhood immunizations for the world’s poorer half. These include vaccines for rotavirus, which is the most common cause of diarrhea disease in young children, pneumococcal vaccines to avoid deaths from serious infections and meningitis, and increased coverage of the measles vaccine. For $1.7 billion per year, we could avoid half a million deaths each year, mostly of very young children. Each dollar spent would deliver an astounding $101 in social benefits.
And that’s just one of the 12 policies that would supercharge delivery of the SDGs. Our peer-reviewed research reveals that for a total of $35 billion annually, we could boost maternal health to save the lives of 166,000 mothers and 1.2 million newborns each year, save another million lives annually by nearly eradicating tuberculosis, improve educational performance in low-income countries to transform the future for children, improve land ownership records to give people security, boost trade to create life-changing economic opportunities, reduce malaria, enable more movement of skilled workers to reduce inequality, make major inroads into child malnutrition, and save 1.5 million lives from chronic diseases like hypertension.
In total, these policies will save 4.2 million lives each year and make the poorer half of the world $1.1 trillion better off annually. Put in economic terms, every dollar spent will deliver an amazing $52 of social benefits.
The SDG agenda is broken. We mustn’t tolerate world leaders making more empty promises or the UN continuing to spread funds and attention around an unprioritized, endless list of lofty but unachievable goals.
We can rescue the global development agenda and make the most of the next seven years. We just need to prioritize the best things first.
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Bjorn Lomborg is president of the Copenhagen Consensus and visiting fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution. His new book is “Best Things First.”