When the International Seabed Authority begins accepting applications for deep-sea mining operations in the coming weeks, there will remain a lingering question. How much control will authorities have over operations to ensure environmental protection of marine habitats far from coastlines, or will it turn into a wild high seas free-for-all?
The answer seems to be: the new High Seas Treaty is powerless.
The International Seabed Authority, established under the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, regulates and controls all mineral-related activities on seabeds in international waters and is currently negotiating a mining code to establish the rules under which companies will be allowed to extract minerals from the seabed.
But the clock is ticking. The Authority has been forced to speed up finalizing the code after the tiny Pacific nation of Nauru triggered a two-year rule to allow applications for seabed mining from July 2023.
Although commercial mining has not yet started, companies such as De Beers, China Minmetals Corp., UK Seabed Resources Ltd., and others from Tonga, Nauru, Germany, Japan, and Singapore are lining up to make it a reality.
As a result, there are fears environmental protection for international waters will be drowned in the rush by these companies hoping to exploit one of the planet’s final frontiers for mining.
Deep seabed mining for metals such as cobalt, manganese, and nickel could potentially support mass production of essential electronics such as smartphones and tablets as well as stimulate the development of green technology like electric vehicles and wind turbines.
Realizing the imminent impacts of deep-sea mining and how it could affect the marine environment, the world in March this year reached what could well be a turning point in the protection of the world’s oceans—the adoption of the High Seas Treaty.
Without such a treaty, the high seas and deep seabeds beyond national jurisdictions had, for decades, been governed and managed in a fragmented way.
The treaty—which took two decades to finalize and will not be signed off until later in 2023—seeks to change this by establishing a new framework to address marine resource conservation with new management tools and institutional mechanisms for decision-making and equitable benefit sharing.
But the treaty doesn’t have any power over mining activities overseen by the International Seabed Authority because it does not apply directly to activities already regulated by existing bodies.
In other words, the High Seas Treaty would not impede or hamper deep-sea mining exploration and any mining activities.
It only prepares the world with an institutionalized and coordinated protective measure without any clear provisions to obstruct mining. The International Seabed Authority can issue licenses to companies intending to explore the deep sea without much hindrance.
Not only that, there are no guarantees the High Seas Treaty could even offer environmental protection despite clauses in it allowing for the creation of marine protected areas beyond national jurisdictions.
It also remains to be seen how nations might work together for the establishment of marine protected areas beyond national jurisdictions.
Proposals would first have to be submitted by participating countries to the International Maritime Organization supported by a draft management plan detailing whether or not activities like fishing, shipping, and deep-sea mining would be restricted within the suggested designated area.
In the meantime, regulations allow countries to apply to the International Seabed Authority for 15-year exclusive rights to explore a specific area for deep-sea mining.
It’s an expensive endeavor, costing up to $1.4 billion over five years. A 2017 UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization report stated that ocean research vessels may cost between $10,000 to $40,000 a day to operate. The projected total cost to process the minerals is estimated to be approximately $135 million.
Contractors are expected to follow best environmental practices and work closely with the Authority to come up with programs for monitoring and evaluating the biodiversity impacts of their exploration and mining activities.
As seabed explorations are now ongoing but mining is yet to start, contractors, scientists, legal experts, and the authority must continuously work together to monitor the environmental impacts.
With more scientific data, it would then be possible for member countries under the High Seas Treaty to unearth the most sustainable way of balancing mining activities with the protection of the marine environment.
—THE JAKARTA POST / ASIA NEWS NETWORK
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Dr Mohd Hazmi Mohd Rusli is associate professor at the Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, and a former research fellow at the Australian National University, Canberra. He declares no conflict of interest. Originally published under Creative Commons by 360info.
The Philippine Daily Inquirer is a member of the Asia News Network, an alliance of 22 media titles in the region.