In a recent opinion piece (“Seven wasted months,” 7/26/2022), Cielito Habito complains that we wasted seven months and gained nothing by delaying the Philippine membership in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), a free trade agreement (FTA) among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean), China, South Korea, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. The Philippines and Indonesia have not ratified the treaty.
Habito argues that worries about a surge in agricultural imports following the RCEP membership are misplaced because our commitments in RCEP are not much different from those in our current trade pacts with RCEP member countries, either bilaterally or through Asean. He says that sensitive products like rice will continue to be protected under the agreement. Habito adds that not joining RCEP will deprive us of many trade benefits, particularly for sectors in the economy aside from agriculture.
While many of Habito’s premises are valid, his conclusions are not.
Indeed, RCEP is primarily a compilation of tariff and other commitments that have been in place under preexisting trade agreements between Asean and its FTA partners for over 10 years now. The Philippines made a few additional concessions and did not offer tariff reductions on selected sensitive products like rice, meats, and vegetables. Hence, Habito concludes, the RCEP membership should not increase threats to our agricultural sector.
This would be true—if our competitiveness and trading position remain the same relative to other RCEP countries. But if we sit still or—worse—retrogress, while our competitors move forward, then things can change dramatically, and we could, indeed, be swamped by even more imports.
We cannot just dismiss this possibility, which Habito calls an “imagined ghost.” Our country was a net agricultural exporter when we joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. In 2021, our agricultural trade deficit ballooned to $9 billion, the biggest within Asean. Over the years, our deficits increased, even though our tariff commitments under the WTO and subsequent FTAs did not change much. Imports of rice, meats, and vegetables continued to rise, despite the relatively high tariff protection that we preserved under the FTAs. If we do not act, this trend will go on and worsen once we join RCEP.
Because other countries also did not go much beyond their prior commitments under existing FTAs, new trade opportunities under RCEP are actually very limited. For instance, RCEP proponents highlight China’s offer to drop its tariffs on canned pineapples to zero. What they do not say is that China’s current tariff is already a low 5 percent, and that the zero tariff will take effect only in the 20th year.
We should also understand that any trade opportunity under RCEP will be available to all our competitors inside RCEP. If we do not do our homework, we will not be able to take advantage of these opportunities, and we might even lose the markets we currently supply.
The Philippines is among the least attractive investment destinations in Asean. It is hard to see how RCEP membership by itself will result in more foreign investments, while our problems with poor basic infrastructure, high power and utility costs, graft and corruption, and red tape, are not addressed.
Nor is there any guarantee that sectors other than agriculture will benefit significantly from RCEP.
Proponents contend that RCEP membership will force our government to install the necessary adjustment measures and programs to enhance our competitiveness. This same argument was used to justify the WTO membership in 1995 and the adoption of subsequent FTAs. But the promised remedies never materialized. Our competitive position actually deteriorated over time.
We must learn from this experience and prepare ourselves first before, and not after, we jump into new agreements like RCEP. We will not lose much, contrary to what Habito claims, because the existing FTAs will continue to provide us essentially the same trade opportunities that RCEP offers. We will also be in a much better position to gain not only from RCEP, but also from preexisting and future FTAs, if we prepare ourselves properly.
Clearly, Habito strongly believes in free trade and the power of markets and will, therefore, vigorously defend trade liberalization initiatives like RCEP. He is, of course, entitled to his opinion. Unfortunately, he may have developed a habit of “scratching his head” every time somebody disagrees with him, and treat those who see things differently as “foolish” or out of their minds.
It might be good for Habito to step down from his pedestal from time to time so that he can understand better what is actually happening on the ground. Otherwise, he may end up deaf and blind to reality.
Raul Montemayor,
national manager,
Federation of Free Farmers