Closing the global childcare gap
When COVID-19 lockdowns began, the importance of affordable child care suddenly became a lot clearer to many more people, especially working women. Last year, women spent three times as many hours as men providing additional unpaid child care, losing an estimated $800 billion in income as a result. The gender gap in child care provision is even wider in low- and middle-income countries. In India, for example, women provided ten times as much unpaid child care as men.
Since the start of the pandemic, the world’s wealthiest countries have sought to strengthen their domestic child care infrastructure and broaden access. But if these countries truly want to improve the economic outlook for women globally, they must invest in child care programs abroad, too.
Even before the pandemic, quality child care was widely accessible in many high-income countries. Canada gives families sizable monthly allowances to subsidize the cost. Iceland provides universal preschool, and Denmark allows new parents to shorten their work hours while keeping their jobs, salaries, health care, and other benefits. Swedish parents are entitled to a combined 480 days of leave at around 80 percent pay, which can be used at any point until their child’s eighth birthday.
Now, these countries are taking further steps. The US contributed $53 billion in pandemic relief to help daycare centers stay open. Australia has invested A$1.7 billion ($1.2 billion) in child care subsidies and lifted the cap on financial assistance for child care for working families. And Canada is discussing lowering the cost of child care to $10 a day.
But while wealthy countries focus on their own child care infrastructure, access to care remains difficult in low- and middle-income countries. Globally, there is no viable option for child care for over 40 percent of preschoolers. In low- and middle-income countries, that number increases to 80 percent. Compared to children in high-income countries, children in low-income countries are nearly five times less likely to have child care available.
Although inadequate child care systems have taken on new significance during the pandemic, this crisis is not new. And when access to child care is scarce, women pay a far higher price than men do. In 2018, more than 600 million working-age women were unable to accept paid employment due to child care responsibilities; only 41 million men cited the same reason for staying out of the workforce.
An upgrade in child care infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries could have a major effect on women’s economic well-being. With child care support, more mothers, grandmothers, and sisters can accept full-time, quality jobs, rather than struggling, as many women do now, to balance child care responsibilities with paid work and school. Investments in child care also create new opportunities for women (and men). The World Bank predicts that meeting child care needs in low- and middle-income countries would create 43 million jobs.
Likewise, research by the International Monetary Fund has shown that when more women work, economies expand, productivity rises, economic diversification increases, and income inequality falls. Furthermore, gender equality in the labor market is good for business. More employment and leadership opportunities for women leads to greater organizational effectiveness and growth.
An increase in women’s formal employment would benefit the global economy as a whole, but lower-income countries are limited in their ability to pursue this agenda alone. Wealthy countries must help realize the potential of women’s economic participation, and that means acknowledging that quality, affordable child care solutions are important everywhere, not only at home. Of the $40 billion committed at the 2021 UN Women Generation Equality Forum to address gender inequalities, just $100 million (from Canada) went to address care constraints in low- and middle-income countries.
Likewise, multilateral development banks have yet to invest in child care is a core concern. These institutions commit funds to address important objectives such as preventing gender-based violence, promoting sexual and reproductive health and rights, and providing financial and technical support for women-owned businesses. But by failing to fund child care adequately, they neglect one of the most persistent factors driving global gender inequality.
The pandemic taught high-income countries a valuable lesson about the importance of child care. Now they must prove their commitment to a gender-inclusive recovery by making child care more accessible and affordable around the world.
—Project Syndicate
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Megan O’Donnell leads the Center for Global Development’s COVID-19 Gender and Development Initiative.
