Enhanced social protection for the vulnerable
In the fight against COVID-19, success has so far been defined by responses in Asia and the Pacific. Many countries in our region have been hailed as reference points in containing the virus.
Yet if the region is to build back better, the success of immediate responses should not distract from the weaknesses COVID-19 has laid bare. Too many people in our region are left to fend for themselves in times of need.
Illness or unemployment, pregnancy or old age, disability or injury should never be allowed to push people into poverty. During a pandemic, social protection schemes facilitate access to health care and provide lifelines when jobs are lost, rescuing households and stabilizing economies.
This has been recognized by governments in the face of COVID-19. More than 300 new social protection measures have been taken across 40 countries in the region. Existing schemes have been strengthened, ad hoc packages rolled out, and investment increased.
This recent appreciation for social protection is welcome. It must be maintained, because the most effective responses to COVID-19 have been from countries which had robust social protection systems in the first place.
However, these systems still do not exist in many parts of our region. A recent report by the International Labor Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “The Protection We Want,” finds that more than half the region’s population has no coverage whatsoever. Only a handful of countries have comprehensive social protection systems and public spending in this area remains well below global average. In many countries in South Asia and the Pacific, public expenditure on social protection is as low as 2 percent of gross domestic product (GDP).
Where social protection systems do exist, their coverage is riddled with gaps. The youngest, least educated and poorest are frequently left uncovered by health care in the region. Many poverty targeted schemes never reach families most in need.
Maternity, unemployment, sickness, and disability benefits are the preserve of a minority of workers in the formal economy, leaving 70 percent of workers locked out of contributory schemes. Lower labor force participation among women accentuates gaps in coverage. Population aging, migration, urbanization, and increasing natural disasters make social protection ever more urgent.
Investing in a basic level of social protection for everyone—a social protection floor—would immediately improve livelihoods. The United Nations’ simulations across 13 developing countries in the region show that universal coverage of basic child benefits, disability benefits, and old-age pensions would slash the proportion of recipient households living in poverty by up to 18 percentage points.
Establishing basic schemes for children, older persons, and persons with disabilities would cost between 2 and 6 percent of GDP. It is a significant investment, but affordable if we make universal social protection systems a fundamental part of broader national development strategies.
Yet it is not only the level of funding that matters, but the way the funds are spent. To achieve universal coverage, we need a pragmatic mix of contributory and non-contributory schemes. This would deliver a vital minimum level of protection regardless of previous income and support a gradual move to higher levels of protection through individual contributions.
New approaches to funding participation can extend social protection to workers in the informal economy. Schemes that reward unpaid care work and are complemented by subsidized childcare services can form a decisive step towards more inclusive and gender equal societies. And new technologies, including phone-based platforms, can accelerate delivery across populations.
As we focus on building back better in the aftermath of the pandemic, our region has an opportunity to make universal social protection a reality. In so doing, we could bring an end to the great injustice that leaves the vulnerable in our societies most exposed.
—The Jakarta Post/ANN
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Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana is the United Nations under-secretary-general and executive secretary of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. Chihoko Asada Miyakawa is the ILO regional director for Asia and the Pacific.
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The Philippine Daily Inquirer is a member of the Asia News Network, an alliance of 24 media titles in the region.
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