Death by dirty cooking
FREETOWN, Sierra Leone — Each year, exposure to household air pollution (HAP) kills 4.3 million people — more than HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined. HAP is produced when households use antiquated fuels—such as firewood, coal, crop waste and kerosene — for cooking and heating, so ending HAP-related deaths is as straightforward as delivering clean-cooking solutions.
Yet the world hasn’t done it. It would cost an estimated $4.4 billion annually to meet the world’s residential clean-cooking needs — far more than what is currently available. While that figure is not small, it is dwarfed by the costs of inaction.
Beyond its devastating effects on human health, reliance on nonrenewable wood fuels for cooking contributes up to one gigaton of CO2 emissions annually, or about 2 percent of total emissions. Moreover, such cooking methods are a major source of black carbon, the second-biggest driver of climate change after CO2.
The persistence of outmoded cooking and heating methods amounts to a major drain on economies. Failure to address the problem does not reflect inadequate technology or even insufficient resources, but a lack of political will. While governments and international actors have worked to expand access to electricity, they have often left clean-cooking solutions — using, say, electricity derived from renewable energy — on the back burner. Efforts to promote clean cooking have been largely uncoordinated, narrow and piecemeal, with limited consumer buy-in.
A new initiative aims to change this. The World Bank’s Clean Cooking Fund (CCF), launched at September’s United Nations Climate Action Summit in New York, will mobilize $500 million to help ensure universal access to clean cooking by 2030. CCF will leverage World Bank and other development-bank resources to attract private investment, including by creating new revenue streams and incentives across value chains. It will also develop an impact bond market for the clean-cooking sector.
Moreover, the CCF will support a global platform for knowledge and innovation, including the Health and Energy Platform of Action, convened by the World Health Organization, the UN Development Programme and the World Bank, in collaboration with the civil-society organizations Hivos and Energia. All of this should help to produce verifiable results at the outcome level (number of households with access to clean cooking) and the impact level (benefiting health, gender equality and the environment).
But as promising as the CCF is, achieving its goals will require coherent policy strategies, underpinned by a strong and sustained commitment at the national, regional and global levels.
India is one country that has shown such a commitment. According to the World Bank’s Energy Progress Report 2019—which tracks progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 7—the country has raised its electrification rate considerably, from 50 percent in 1994 to 93 percent in 2017. Its clean-cooking access rate remains much lower— 45 percent in 2017—but still represents significant progress, having more than doubled since 2000. And the share of the population using biomass for cooking fell from 64 percent in 2010 to 59 percent in 2015.
This shift has been driven partly by expanded access to liquefied petroleum gas. In 2016, India became the world’s third-largest LPG importer, behind China and Japan. That year, the government also launched the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana program, with the goal of providing LPG access to 50 million households living in poverty by 2019. Last year, it surpassed that target, and expanded the scheme to cover 80 million families. Other countries, such as Cambodia and Indonesia, have also made significant progress in expanding access to LPG and other clean-cooking fuels.
The imperative now is to continue building on these gains, while adapting the strategies that powered them to different contexts, especially in Africa. To this end, the UN should lead the way in advancing a multistakeholder approach driven by strong public-private partnerships. Such an approach has worked before, mobilizing billions of dollars in investment in renewables and energy efficiency. It can work again—and save millions of lives in the process.
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Kandeh K. Yumkella, former United Nations undersecretary general and chair of UN-Energy, was the founding CEO and a special representative of the secretary general for Sustainable Energy for All. He is currently a member of Sierra Leone’s parliament and the Pan-African Parliament.
