Some say that, with nearly two decades of strong economic growth, the world’s highest employment ratios and lowest unemployment rates and massive technological innovation, “Asia is the future,” or even “The future is Asia.”
But what will this future look like for the three billion Asians of working age (15+)?
Globalization, new technologies, shifting demographics, climate change and labor mobility are the forces at play as the region continues on its path to prosperity. The unprecedented speed and scale of changes is exponentially affecting how, where and when we work, do business and make a living. The demand for some jobs is changing, other jobs are disappearing and many occupations will not resemble what they used to.
Most debates on the “future of work” leave us with the impression that the core issue concerning labor markets relates to the nature and portability of workforce skills. And, indeed, building an agile workforce for the future is a very important part of that transformation. But innovation on its own cannot create decent jobs for all, or generate inclusive growth.
Despite the region’s economic success and technological advances, far too many workers are still left struggling in or near poverty. According to the latest data of the International Labour Organization (ILO), in 2018, nearly one in two workers in the Asean region, or 47 percent, was toiling in vulnerable employment—either self-employed or in unpaid family work. One in five workers, or 20 percent, was working but living below the poverty line. Two in three workers are in informal employment.
Millions of workers feel insecure about whether they will have any means of earning an income next year, let alone benefiting from a pension in their retirement.
Where will the jobs of the future come from, and what will they look like? What’s in store for young people? What skills will be needed? Will automation lead to job losses? For some, these questions bring more anxiety than hope.
In many Asian countries, workers shed from labor-intensive sectors find the opportunity to earn some income in the digital gig economy, as a Grab/Uber driver, for example. Such labor platforms offer opportunities to earn money, but often at the cost of long working hours, low wages, no security, increasing competition. Asia, along with the rest of the world, is still grappling with the regulations of digital labor platforms.
In January, the ILO’s Global Commission on the Future of Work issued a report, “Work for a Brighter Future: Report of the Global Commission on the Future of Work,” outlining a human-centered agenda for the future of work. The agenda includes a set of measures based on three pillars of action: first, to invest in people’s capacities, while closing gender gaps and ensuring universal access to social protection; second, to increase investments in the institutions of work as the building blocks of a just society; and, finally, to increase investment in key areas of decent and sustainable work such as care work and green jobs.
The report reminds us that — regardless of where the future of work takes us, regardless of what and how many jobs are created, lost or impacted — we have the power to choose wisely to put in place the policies that will drive the future of work that we want.
Faced with the challenges of aging, globalization, digitalization, displacement, etc., we have the power to put in place the mechanisms that will help workers and employers to reskill, find work, change occupation or create jobs.
Faced with labor shortages as societies and workforces age, we have the power to strengthen our active labor market policies to promote inclusive workplaces and overcome barriers that are keeping women, youth, migrants or any disadvantaged workers behind. It is up to us to ensure universal access to effective healthcare systems so that workers can be as healthy and productive as possible, to make sure that social protection systems are fully functioning and serving to stabilize household income levels and ease the burden of economic shocks. It is up to us to implement and enforce strong occupational health and safety regulations, so that work hours are not lost due to occupational injuries or worker burnout.
New technologies are spreading, climate change is an accelerating reality, societies are aging, but our future world of work is not yet predetermined. Our challenge—and our responsibility—is to adopt and apply local, national and regional policies to build a smarter, fairer and sustainable future of work for all.
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Tomoko Nishimoto is assistant director general of the International Labour Organization and regional director for Asia and the Pacific.