Man bites shark
BONN—Sharks have long been portrayed as man-eaters, a menace to any swimmer brave (or foolish) enough to share the water with them. But this perception could not be further from reality. In fact, sharks are extremely vulnerable, and their dwindling populations—largely owing to human behavior—urgently need global protection.
To be sure, there have been many laudable shark-protection efforts in the last few years. A campaign spearheaded by the United States-based organization Wild Aid has contributed to a major decline in demand for shark fin across Asia. China, for example, has banned shark-fin soup, a traditional delicacy, at official government dinners and functions—a move that contributed to a 30-percent drop in shark-fin sales from last December to April. In the southern city of Guangzhou, the center of China’s shark-fin trade, vendors have reported an 82-percent decline in sales over the last two years.
It should not be difficult to spur countries to take action to protect their shark populations, given that a shark’s economic value plummets when it is killed. A study by the Australian Marine Institute found that Palau’s shark-diving industry is worth far more than its shark-fishing industry. A single reef shark that frequents major dive sites in Palau is worth roughly $179,000 annually, or $1.9 million over its lifetime; dead, the same shark would be worth about $108.
Similarly, the shark-diving industry has brought annually an estimated $110 million to Thailand, $22 million to the Canary Islands, and a massive $800 million to the Bahamas over the last 20 years. It is not difficult to see why allowing fishermen to decimate these countries’ shark populations would be counter-productive.
Developing protected areas and corridors for shark migration is also important. Last month, US President Barack Obama extended the maritime boundary of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument from 50 miles to the 200-mile limit, effectively merging the region’s national parks into one massive protected area, in which commercial fishing is prohibited.
Similar protected areas have been created over the last couple of years in Palau, Micronesia, Indonesia and the Maldives. But the new sanctuary in the Pacific—with an area equivalent in size to Texas, California, Montana and Arizona combined—could be the largest such zone in the world.
Though these measures are certainly positive steps, no country acting alone can ensure adequate protection for its shark populations. After all, sharks are global wanderers; they have no regard for the boundaries of exclusive economic zones, protected areas, or the territorial waters of countries. Shark-protection efforts cannot truly be effective without coordinated international action.
Such action must not only aim to protect shark populations directly; it must also address major threats to sharks, such as illegal trade, bycatch and overfishing.
Consider climate change. A recent study by the University of Lisbon’s Center for Oceanography reports that acidification from CO2 emissions could cause the global shark population to decline by as much as 40 percent by 2100. Add to that the more than 73 million individual sharks that are already lost annually, and the situation is clearly unsustainable.
As it stands, there is no global treaty to protect sharks. But frameworks are in place for the development of international conservation measures. The Convention on Migratory Species, for example, has a track record of working with countries—as well as international organizations, NGOs, media and the private sector—to spur coordinated action that meets international standards.
The convention’s memorandum of understanding on shark conservation, which lists seven endangered species, has attracted 35 signatories so far. Next month, representatives from these countries will meet in Quito, Ecuador, to discuss extending the list to include the great and scalloped hammerheads, the silky shark, thresher sharks, sawfish, and mobula rays. Given how many shark species have been proposed, some have begun referring to the convention’s Conference of the Parties as the “shark COP.”
But proposals must give way to action. The threats facing sharks are well-documented. It is time to launch concerted global efforts to protect some of the oldest, most vulnerable—and most valuable—species in our seas. Project Syndicate
Bradnee Chambers is executive secretary of the United Nations Environment Program Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (UNEP/CMS).
