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Why schools are failing our children (1)

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Despite its claim to being research-based, the present K-12 curriculum actually ignores language-in-education findings when it provides for the use of the first language (L1) as medium of instruction for only up to Grade 3 and thereafter, with no transition whatsoever, shifts to English and Filipino as second languages (L2s) for instruction. The scheme clearly underestimates the role of oral language development in the early grades as a strong foundation to learning to read and write in both the L1 and in the L2. The provision for the L1 as a separate subject is laudable but cannot make up for the deleterious effects of the early-exit nature of the K-12 curriculum.

The challenge of language-minority students in the United States who cannot read and write proficiently in English led the Department of Education in 2002 to create a panel to address this problem. One of the panel’s major findings is that oral proficiency and literacy in the L1 are crucial determinants for literacy in English.

The research suggests that the disparity between the word-level and text-level (comprehension) skills of non-native and native English learners can be traced to the difference in their oral language proficiency. Oral proficiency in English is not a strong predictor of English word-level skills among non-native English speakers, but is strongly associated with comprehension and writing skills for these students.

Children’s ability to learn an L2 is enhanced when their L1 is the primary language of instruction throughout the elementary grades. L1 fluency and literacy lay a cognitive and linguistic foundation for learning additional languages. When the child fully develops his cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) in the L1, this can provide a successful transfer of the communication ability in the L2. If you have reading ability in your L1, this ability can be transferred to the L2; you do not have to learn to read again.

According to Tove Skutnabb-Kangas, six years of L1 education is an absolute minimum but eight years is better. She found that in Ethiopia those who had eight years of mainly L1 medium and who have studied Amharic (the dominant national language) and English as subjects produced the best results in science, mathematics and English. Those with six years were not as good, and those who quickly shifted to English, fared the worst.

A UP College of Education study in 2004 made by Prof. Lourdes Mae Baetiong shows that the CALP threshold level in written Filipino is approximately reached in Grade 6. More importantly, the same study shows that the stronger the development in the L1, the stronger the proficiency in the L2.

In contrast, in the submersion model (which is what we have now) children are trained to mechanically repeat what their teacher is saying but fail to decode and understand the meaning of the utterances. The submersion model further assumes that the child will automatically master the language of education during the process of education. What is happening now in most of our schools is a lot of decoding but without understanding. This is one of the reasons our schools are failing our children.

Unfortunately but not surprisingly, data from the 2008 Functional Literacy and Mass Media survey (FLEMMS)  tend to show that the submersion model really does not work. Consider the following:

1. Some 5 million of the 9.6 million elementary graduates had no comprehension skills.

2. Another 5.2 million of the 12.8 million students who had reached high school had also no comprehension skills.

3. Nine million Filipinos could not compute.

4.  Twenty million Filipinos (3 out of 10) did not understand what they were reading.

These are the underlying reasons I sponsored House Bill No. 162, otherwise known as the Multilingual Education and Literacy Bill. The bill promotes the use of the L1 as MOI from Grades 1 to 6. It advocates the strong teaching of English and Filipino as subjects before these become the MOI in high school with the L1 as auxiliary medium. It also pushes for the intensive pre-service and in-service training of teachers and materials development in the L1. It also provides that the language of teaching must be the language of testing.

My proposal accords with one of 10 things President Aquino promised to fix in Philippine basic education. This concerns the rationalization of the medium of instruction. The President believes that we should become trilingual as a country and that we should “learn English well to connect to the world, learn Filipino to connect to your country, and retain your mother tongue to connect to your heritage.”

We live in a multicultural and multilingual world. All languages are equal to the task of accessing and constructing this world. But I believe we should educate our people primarily in their first languages or L1 and not in English or in Filipino which are second languages (L2) to most Filipinos.

Magtanggol T. Gunigundo I represents the second district of Valenzuela City and is a deputy majority leader in the House of Representatives.


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Tags: education , featured columns , Language , opinion

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  • Anonymous

    That is an interesting proposition. However, would teaching courses in say Hiligaynon or Ilongo lead to more ethno-centricism in the country? It is this ethno-centrism that allows the likes of the Marcoses to dominate politics in Ilocano-speaking regions despite what they have done. The other thing is the cost – in a country that struggles to provide the basic needs of its people, considering that we have so many languages, does the country have the resources to print books and course materials in specific languages for a particular province. My suggestion is to stick with the Filipino/English stuff as it is but the teacher can translate it in the local language if the students don’t get it. Based on my experience, with the prevalence of TV and komiks, a lot of Filipinos already have a good grasp of Filipino so it would be a good language of instruction during the earlier years. That said, I also believe that getting a good grasp of English is a competitive advantage and it should be taught well. Unfortunately in a lot of public schools, we have teachers who do not have a good grasp of it. The country should just look at the possibility of delivering instruction via TV with a subject expert and local teachers simply act as facilitators for clarifications and discussions.

  • http://www.facebook.com/people/Krizz-Ibarra/100000181696874 Krizz Ibarra

    root cause of degradation in the quality of education can be traced back to the uncontrolled population increase. the growth in educational logistics just cannot catch up with the increasing number of people. control population growth and everything else will improve.

  • chris galon

    19nov2011

    do not blame the system.  like the -old egg-head lingo- gigo- garbage-in-garbage out.  the person in front of the whole class is in charge of the proper framing and molding of young minds.  given the right tools to learn, and a great educators to sum-up the tandem, any young minds can learn to read and write as many as 2 to 3 languages before he or she finished 12 grades.
    case in point- thousands of our OFW learned their host nation language in average of 6 mos. language that they never heard or even knew exist before venturing away from the motherland.
    so,pls. do not underestimate our children abilities to learn new language.  get rid of the tenured sub-standard educators, and the possibilities of having multi-lingual school children is not just an illusion but a reality.

  • labcu

    the problem in the educational system in the country  lies/broken down as follows: 50% government/deped factor; 40% teacher factor and 10% parent factor. Its basics!

  • Anonymous

    The stronger L1 is, the better in L2?  What inutile brain dead studies are you referring to to back up yout claims?  You only need to go back and ask your mother and father how they learned English and probably used your own experience on how you arrived to  now write and speak in fluent  L2 to realize that L1 should be thrown out the window from day 1.  Remember the time when it was punishable in elementary to speak in Tagalog even during recess?.  There goes why.

  • http://pulse.yahoo.com/_GUZISWUMVDD5QJUC7GBJKEM7XA prangka

    This is what we get if the government just keeps on experimenting with our education like a guinea pig. Hey take the cue of our asian neighbors – they are going English.  Globalization would left out people who speaks only their native tongue. Korean are here to steal our ONLY advantage – ENGLISH. Funny how our publishers translate foreign knolwedge, mostly science, when they only do most are changing the spelling of the foreign word to make it sound ours( e.g. technology to teknolihiya; platform to plataporma; chemical to kemikal; nuclear to nuklear; and so goes the long list).

  • Anonymous

    All these numbers represent a huge problem our county and its future. If we are to compete with the rest of the world I think the government should pump more money in education than any other government expenditure.Otherwise, the trend of going overseas for work would never cease and we will remain as a source of foreign laborers for other nations.

  • yam

    I am not convinced with your arguments Mr. Congressman for the following reasons:

    1. You are not a linguist yourself to speak with credibility on how students learn best in language learning; meaning, you need to be an language educator yourself to be able to speak with deep understanding about the empirical pieces of evidence that connect to language proficiency;
    2. Your basis in authoring House Bill No. 162 is based on a couple or few studies, which need to be challenged by other language experts who work in the same field; your claims are not even fully cited to establish credibility (plagiarism? ask the experts);
    3.Studies that are done in the US or in any other countries may not be applicable in other places considering several other factors (demography, culture, accessibility and frequency of use of the target language, and the list goes);
    4. The real problem in education does not necessarily lie on the curriculum offered in our schools, it’s in the provision of ideal classroom setting that is not afforded to the Filipino children, i.e eliminate overcrowding, solve scarcity on the supply of materials, shortage of teachers and classroom, insufficient training for teachers, and corrupt education officials (I challenge that you lawmakers solve these problems first, then blame the curriculum on why our schools fail and still quality language acquisition is not achieved.);

    I appreciate your noble purpose of trying to raise the quality of learning in the country; however, I challenge you to read extensively, balance your use of the sources, encourage our academicians to carry out extensive research based on local setting, then argue that the study done in this place is completely relevant  and applicable to our country.

    I believe that you need to delimit the scope of your claim, meaning you should avoid hasty generalization. Why not claim, “This is one of the reasons why our schools fail our children”. However, I am afraid you wouldn’t as your proposition would appear weak and insignificant, the reason you want to magnify the circumstance.

  • Anonymous

    i think filipino now is not just a second language.  it could supplant the native dialect by making it as the medium of instruction in the elementary level.  that has been my thinking.  english can be  the medium of instruction in high school or use only in subjects that require it like in high school literature.  

    • Anonymous

      Another Tagalista or probably a victim of implied Tagalista ethnic cleansing? You do not only turn a blind eye on the linguistic realities of this country, but you also considered, and insulted, these supposed LANGUAGES (Ilokano, Kapampangan, Visayan, Bikolano) as ‘DIALECTS.’

      Please go to the non-Tagalog speaking provinces and see for yourself whether Filipino (or sugar-coated Tagalog) is already a first language among the new generation. I rest my case.

      • Anonymous

        in reply to the reply of phguy

        i have been remiss to have identified the different languages we speak as dialects but by my all accounts this isn’t so. read my blogs about filipino the language of streets, something like that. i know that they are languages especially those that you mentioned.

        i go for filipino as the language of instruction for the reality is that it has been the medium since 1940 and save for its being our national language, for unity and identity since 1939. so therefore i say that many of us now speak the language which is disputed by you. well, our contrary opinions remain to be proven.

        it is true that our children have low levels of literacy but i don’t think that filipino is the primary cause. there are things that could factor in like the dwindling budgets set aside for education as years passes by and the menacing poverty being experienced by our countrymen, thus resulting to inadequate educational facilities, poor teacher to student ratio, and absenteeism by the pupils themselves let alone dropping out from school. .

        having read the proposals by m. guinigundo, i cannot totally disregard the viability of some of his proposals with a little modification on my end, if i may. L1 which is the native language medium of instruction may be applied only to kinder up to grade I to facilitate the recognition and reading in connection with filipino alphabets with ease. then L1a identified as filipino as medium of instruction from grade II to grade VI, with english as medium in subjects that require it.

        by the way, i am not a tagala. i am a half breed filipino and chinese, of itneg, spanish, and ilocano from my maternal side originally from sarat, ilocos norte, and chinese from my paternal side, fukien, china. i am a 50/50 but a PILIPINO. . i also rest this case.

  • http://pulse.yahoo.com/_DRAMXAWLCEK2SZ5DNZSRNE53HE C

    Yes, English is vital in this globalized world. I personally have
    been quite surprised when travelling to other nearby Asian countries and seen
    how much English is sought after. I recently went to Vietnam after 10 years of
    being away and a higher percentage of youth are able to converse in English
    compared to before. The same observation for Cambodia. The opposite perhaps has
    happened in the Philippines.

    I do not think the mother tongues (i.e. the regional and local languages
    including Kapampangan, Cebuano, Ilokano, etc.) are at fault for declining
    English proficiency, as they have largely been excluded from education in the
    last few decades. It is the heightened use of Tagalog/Filipino, both in schools
    and in television, which has eroded English proficiency and at the same time
    sidelined the other mother tongues. As Congressman Gunigundo notes, Filipino is
    not the mother tongue of most Filipinos — learning is therefore slower and our
    children are graduating not fully literate in ANY language.

    I don’t completely agree with Congressman Gunigundo that the medium of
    instruction is THE REASON why our schools our failing our children. It is a
    factor though. And if using the mother tongue helps children pick up concepts
    and gain literacy more quickly (which they can then apply to future second
    languages), then I see how it can help English proficiency in the long run.

    Those who would like to impose Filipino as the primary medium of instruction
    across the country seem to have the weakest basis in my opinion. 1). They are
    deluding themselves in thinking that Tagalog-based Filipino can be used like a
    native language for everyone without serious communication barriers. Yes, the
    majority of Filipino adults know how to speak it, but they learned it after
    many years. For elementary schools students, it is simply not as transparent a
    medium as their mother tongues would be. 2). It would further undermine English
    proficiency. 3) It underestimates the backlash to such a policy. 4) It would be
    an insensitive move against the country’s diverse groups. 5) It contravenes
    international statutes that provide for the provision of education in
    minorities’ mother tongues. In other words, a Filipino-dominated system would
    not be pedagogically sound nor competitive economically nor socially
    acceptable.

    Mostly the reasons some people give for increased Tagalog-based Filipino use
    are “national unity” and patriotism. I think this is naive and
    insulting. Do they think Filipinos are so dumb and juvenile that we can’t
    figure out a way to be at peace unless we all are linguistically and culturally
    identical? Patriotism of the homogenizing kind is an atavism that has been
    dwindling globally since World War II. It is not necessary for a country to be
    uniform in order to be economically and socially stable. Take Switzerland for
    example. Filipinos can learn and speak different languages and still be
    Filipino and still love being Filipino. Meanwhile we have to embrace practical
    advantages such as English. Therefore, dare I say it, we should go back to the
    days of my parents when Tagalog was just a subject. English should be the
    primary medium of instruction in university and high school. And the main
    mother tongue of a municipality or province can be strategically used in
    elementary for heightened comprehension, gradually transitioning to English.

  • http://pulse.yahoo.com/_O5ZVPPJCQ2P7LMQJXKOWF5ZSNY jon a

    Although, personally, I think people should teach in the mother tongue of area they are in. Teaching Tagalog to children who will go home to speak something else, feels like a waste of time. The most important facet of mastery is practice.



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